Intermittently Open and Closed Estuaries (IOCEs) represent crucial ecosystems often marked by contention. The closure of estuarine lagoons' mouths leads to rising water levels, which can create challenges for adjacent landholders, caravan parks, urban developments, roads, and other infrastructure. However, these processes, including the closure of beach berms and rising water levels, play vital roles in ecosystem functioning. Estuary mouth openings occur when environmental conditions within the catchment, estuary, and sea align to facilitate opening. Without the simultaneous occurrence of these conditions, the mouth may not open effectively, potentially leading to adverse impacts on ecosystem health, water quality, and geomorphological aspects of the system. This review will offer substantial insights into knowledge gaps and recommend further research and investigations to bolster management advice in the future, establishing a continuous process of review and knowledge enhancement.

Lance Lloyd, Lloyd Environmental - CCMA Project No. COR-230